答案:grammar is generally used to refer to 如rules and formal features of lan guage that learners must mas ter as part of coursework. Thus, grammar would include such 伽 ngs as verbal paradigms in the Ro ma nce languages, case marking on articles in Ge rman , use of particles (eg, subject and object indicators) in Japanese, 加 diffe rence between 小e use of -ing and will in English to express future events, among other examples. 吓 is 如nd of grammar is often called pedagogical grammar.